In school, each quarter or semester, you received grades, indicating how well you did in meeting the teacher’s objectives and the standards set by the teacher for learning the material. These may have been happy times, with grades that truly reflected your performance, or they may have been fraught with tension as to whether you were going to pass a class.
In either case, these early experiences of being graded are not that different from the performance review, a regular occurrence in the workplace, where a manager or supervisor formally or informally judges your work performance over a specified period of time. In some cases, favorable performance reviews may be met with raises or promotions while unfavorable ones can help employees correct problems or errors with their work.
It is generally standard for a performance review to be conducted on a yearly basis. Some companies may have less formal ones more frequently. These monthly or quarterly check-ins can be beneficial to employees who are having trouble in the work environment because it gives them consistent feedback on the areas in which they need to improve. For the employee who is not performing at peak capacity, the yearly performancereview may be too long to wait to comment on areas the employee needs to change. Thus an employee who is doing something requiring correction will get feedback sooner so that they tailor their skills to better enhance performance.
As employers prepare for a performance review, employees should prepare too. If the review is a yearly one, it’s a good idea to think and make a list of concrete examples that show where your performance has met or exceeded the company’s standards in the last year. It’s also probably beneficial to acknowledge any mistakes you’ve made so you’re prepared for these if they are mentioned in a review. You might think of ways, if you’ve made mistakes that you’ve improved since that time, as these may help you to defend yourself against an extremely negative performance review. It can be difficult to receive a negative performance review, and though it is tempting to react immediately to it, you should give yourself a cool down time before reacting or offering any defense of your actions.
It’s too easy to be angry and sound unreasonable if you immediately start to defend yourself. Instead, take a day or two to read over thereview and do some self-searching to decide whether any criticisms are justified. If in a day or two, the critiques still do not seem to reflect your job performance, write a reasoned defense citing specific examples of your performance. Keep the tone professional and non-confrontational, and make your argument primarily through concrete examples of how certain criticisms were not true.
In a large company, sometimes a person does receive an undeserved negative review. It matters very much how professionally you state your objections to unfair critiques if you hope to change an employer’s opinion of you. When criticisms are justified, do take these in the manner they are offered: as a learning opportunity to help you enhance work performance.
Monday, May 18, 2009
Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (i.e. information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, or members of a family, a community (e.g. Wikipedia) or an organization. Organizations have recognized that knowledge constitutes a valuable intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive advantages. Knowledge sharing activities are generally supported by knowledge management systems. However, technology constitutes only one of the many factors that affect the sharing of knowledge in organizations, such as organizational culture, trust, and incentives.
The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization.One prominent obstacle is the notion that knowledge is property and ownership thus very important. In order to counteract this, individuals must be reassured that they will receive some type of incentive for what they create. However, Dalkir identified the risk in knowledge sharing is that individuals are most commonly rewarded for what they know, not what they share. If knowledge is not shared, negative consequences such as isolation and resistance to ideas occur.
To promote knowledge sharing and remove knowledge sharing obstacles, the organizational culture should encourage discovery and innovation. This will result in the creation of organizational culture trust.Knowledge may be accessed at three stages: before, during, or after KM-related activities. Different organisations have tried various knowledge capture incentives, including making content submission mandatory and incorporating rewards into performance measurementplans. Considerable controversy exists over whether incentives work or not in this field and no consensus has emerged.
One strategy to Knowledge Management involves actively managing knowledge (push strategy). In such an instance, individuals strive to explicitly encode their knowledge into a shared knowledge repository, such as a database, as well as retrieving knowledge they need that other individuals have provided to the repository.Early Knowledge Management technologies included online corporate yellow pages as expertise locators and document management systems. Combined with the early development of collaborative technologies (in particular Lotus Notes), KM technologies expanded in the mid-1990s. Subsequent KM efforts leveraged semantic technologies for search and retrieval and the development of e-learning tools for communities of practice.
More recently, development of social computing tools (such as blogs and wikis) have allowed more unstructured, self-governing or ecosystem approaches to the transfer, capture and creation of knowledge, including the development of new forms of communities, networks, or matrixed organisations. However such tools for the most part are still based on text and code, and thus represent explicit knowledge transfer. These tools face challenges in distilling meaningful re-usable knowledge and ensuring that their content is transmissible through diverse channels.
The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization.One prominent obstacle is the notion that knowledge is property and ownership thus very important. In order to counteract this, individuals must be reassured that they will receive some type of incentive for what they create. However, Dalkir identified the risk in knowledge sharing is that individuals are most commonly rewarded for what they know, not what they share. If knowledge is not shared, negative consequences such as isolation and resistance to ideas occur.
To promote knowledge sharing and remove knowledge sharing obstacles, the organizational culture should encourage discovery and innovation. This will result in the creation of organizational culture trust.Knowledge may be accessed at three stages: before, during, or after KM-related activities. Different organisations have tried various knowledge capture incentives, including making content submission mandatory and incorporating rewards into performance measurementplans. Considerable controversy exists over whether incentives work or not in this field and no consensus has emerged.
One strategy to Knowledge Management involves actively managing knowledge (push strategy). In such an instance, individuals strive to explicitly encode their knowledge into a shared knowledge repository, such as a database, as well as retrieving knowledge they need that other individuals have provided to the repository.Early Knowledge Management technologies included online corporate yellow pages as expertise locators and document management systems. Combined with the early development of collaborative technologies (in particular Lotus Notes), KM technologies expanded in the mid-1990s. Subsequent KM efforts leveraged semantic technologies for search and retrieval and the development of e-learning tools for communities of practice.
More recently, development of social computing tools (such as blogs and wikis) have allowed more unstructured, self-governing or ecosystem approaches to the transfer, capture and creation of knowledge, including the development of new forms of communities, networks, or matrixed organisations. However such tools for the most part are still based on text and code, and thus represent explicit knowledge transfer. These tools face challenges in distilling meaningful re-usable knowledge and ensuring that their content is transmissible through diverse channels.
How to improve our memory skills?
Too many people get stuck here and convince themselves that their memory is bad, that they are just not good with names, that numbers just slip out of their minds for some reason. Erase those thoughts and vow to improve your memory. Commit yourself to the task and bask in your achievements -- it's hard to keep motivated if you beat yourself down every time you make a little bit of progress.
Regularly “exercising" the brain keeps it growing and spurs the development of new nerve connections that can help improve memory. By developing new mental skills—especially complex ones such as learning a new language or learning to play a new musical instrument—and challenging your brain with puzzles and games you can keep your brain active and improve its physiological functioning. Try some puzzle exercises everyday such as word cross, sudoku and some other games as easy to put into your mobile phone and practise it maybe once for 30 minutes per day.
Regular aerobic exercise improves circulation and efficiency throughout the body, including in the brain, and can help ward off the memory loss that comes with aging. Exercise also makes you more alert and relaxed, and can thereby improve your memory uptake, allowing you to take better mental “pictures." Memories are very fragile in the short-term, and distractions can make you quickly forget something as simple as a phone number. The key to avoid losing memories before you can even form them is to be able to focus on the thing to be remembered for a while without thinking about other things, so when you’re trying to remember something, avoid distractions and complicated tasks for a few minutes.
Chronic stress, although it does not physically damage the brain, can make remembering much more difficult. After prolonged stress the brain will be damaged. Stressful situations are recognized by the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which influences the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and later cortisol(corticosteroids). The corticosteroids can weaken the blood-brain barrier and damage the hippocampus (the memory center).
Ironically, the hippocampus controls the secretion of the hormone released by the hypothalamus through a process of negative feedback. After chronic stress it will be damaged and it will not be as efficient in regulating the degenerative corticosteroids and memory will be harmed. Neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) indeed exists in the hippocampus but stress inhibits it. To recapitulate and synthesis, chronic stress will affect your health and your memory, it will damage the brain so the best option is to learn to control stress. Stress will never be eliminated, but it definitely can be controlled.
Regularly “exercising" the brain keeps it growing and spurs the development of new nerve connections that can help improve memory. By developing new mental skills—especially complex ones such as learning a new language or learning to play a new musical instrument—and challenging your brain with puzzles and games you can keep your brain active and improve its physiological functioning. Try some puzzle exercises everyday such as word cross, sudoku and some other games as easy to put into your mobile phone and practise it maybe once for 30 minutes per day.
Regular aerobic exercise improves circulation and efficiency throughout the body, including in the brain, and can help ward off the memory loss that comes with aging. Exercise also makes you more alert and relaxed, and can thereby improve your memory uptake, allowing you to take better mental “pictures." Memories are very fragile in the short-term, and distractions can make you quickly forget something as simple as a phone number. The key to avoid losing memories before you can even form them is to be able to focus on the thing to be remembered for a while without thinking about other things, so when you’re trying to remember something, avoid distractions and complicated tasks for a few minutes.
Chronic stress, although it does not physically damage the brain, can make remembering much more difficult. After prolonged stress the brain will be damaged. Stressful situations are recognized by the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which influences the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and later cortisol(corticosteroids). The corticosteroids can weaken the blood-brain barrier and damage the hippocampus (the memory center).
Ironically, the hippocampus controls the secretion of the hormone released by the hypothalamus through a process of negative feedback. After chronic stress it will be damaged and it will not be as efficient in regulating the degenerative corticosteroids and memory will be harmed. Neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) indeed exists in the hippocampus but stress inhibits it. To recapitulate and synthesis, chronic stress will affect your health and your memory, it will damage the brain so the best option is to learn to control stress. Stress will never be eliminated, but it definitely can be controlled.
Call Center Operators Work From Home
Companies that supply customer service agents to businesses around the world say they are saving money and attracting better employees by letting them work from their own houses. Using Internet telephone technology, the operators are able to answer questions and hear out complaints as if they were working in a sprawling call center in an office park. "It gives us access to some high-quality labor that wouldn't work in a call center," said Andrea Ayers, president for customer management for Convergys Corp., an outsourcing company that is increasing the number of agents who work from home. "This gives us more staffing flexibility, and we can make it work with their lifestyle."
Convergys and rival companies say they're being swamped with applications. The first wave came a few months ago, when gas prices topped $4 per gallon. Now, more applications are coming in as unemployment soars. Home agents often start at $8 to $10 an hour, earning more depending on the skill and knowledge required for specific clients. Besides gas, home-based operators save on car maintenance and the cost of keeping up an office wardrobe. Sharon Castor had never given much thought to working at a call center, and even less to going back to an early rising, traffic-fighting work life she had for nearly three decades before retiring. But after the ailing parents she helped care for passed away, she was getting antsy after five years off and needed some extra income.
"I said, 'I need to do something, but I really don't want to go back downtown every day again,' " said Castor, who used to spend 90 minutes each morning getting ready for work and then driving from her northern Kentucky home to her job at Procter & Gamble Co. in downtown Cincinnati. After researching at-home work opportunities - "There are a lot out there who make all kinds of promises" - she came to Convergys. Soon, she had converted an extra bedroom in her home into an office, where she helps customers with insurance matters and other questions on behalf of a health care company. It's among the many companies that don't want their use of outsourced customer service made public; Convergys says it does work for more than half of the Fortune 50 biggest businesses.
The Cincinnati outsourcing company has been rapidly expanding its at-home work force. It has 1,200 home agents and expects to triple that next year. "We're ramping up very quickly," said Ayers, whose company has 75,000 employees worldwide. Convergys' home agents use Internet phone services through broadband connections, and computer firewalls keep information secure. Agents communicate with managers and colleagues by instant messages and online chats, and managers can monitor their work online.
Christopher Carrington, chief executive of Alpine Access, said the 10-year-old business that specializes in using at-home agents is booming. And applications are up 10 to 15 percent over a year ago. "Our cost is minimal," Carrington said. "We don't have to build a building. We do all the training virtually."
Convergys and rival companies say they're being swamped with applications. The first wave came a few months ago, when gas prices topped $4 per gallon. Now, more applications are coming in as unemployment soars. Home agents often start at $8 to $10 an hour, earning more depending on the skill and knowledge required for specific clients. Besides gas, home-based operators save on car maintenance and the cost of keeping up an office wardrobe. Sharon Castor had never given much thought to working at a call center, and even less to going back to an early rising, traffic-fighting work life she had for nearly three decades before retiring. But after the ailing parents she helped care for passed away, she was getting antsy after five years off and needed some extra income.
"I said, 'I need to do something, but I really don't want to go back downtown every day again,' " said Castor, who used to spend 90 minutes each morning getting ready for work and then driving from her northern Kentucky home to her job at Procter & Gamble Co. in downtown Cincinnati. After researching at-home work opportunities - "There are a lot out there who make all kinds of promises" - she came to Convergys. Soon, she had converted an extra bedroom in her home into an office, where she helps customers with insurance matters and other questions on behalf of a health care company. It's among the many companies that don't want their use of outsourced customer service made public; Convergys says it does work for more than half of the Fortune 50 biggest businesses.
The Cincinnati outsourcing company has been rapidly expanding its at-home work force. It has 1,200 home agents and expects to triple that next year. "We're ramping up very quickly," said Ayers, whose company has 75,000 employees worldwide. Convergys' home agents use Internet phone services through broadband connections, and computer firewalls keep information secure. Agents communicate with managers and colleagues by instant messages and online chats, and managers can monitor their work online.
Christopher Carrington, chief executive of Alpine Access, said the 10-year-old business that specializes in using at-home agents is booming. And applications are up 10 to 15 percent over a year ago. "Our cost is minimal," Carrington said. "We don't have to build a building. We do all the training virtually."
Quality of a Good Teacher
An American definition of 'Teaching' envisages that 'Teaching is the consistent and effective transfer of appropriate behaviours which lead to the achievement of predetermined and specified results'. Hence in order to substantiate the purpose of teaching that is the transfer of knowledge to the students properly so that after receiving teachings they can acquire expected knowledge and pre-determined results. Hence a good teacher is he who teaches the students how to lead their lives cleanly and controlled towards acquiring knowledge.
The quality of a good teacher is vitality important for ideal teachings to the students. He should know the correct way of teaching where the students are inspired to learn and devote themselves to study.
According to Comonenius, a famous educationist, in order to make teaching successful, the three things are vitally important. These are : Good teacher, Good method and Good books. Indeed, a good teacher plays a vital role in making teachings to the students successful. Being a teacher, he should behave in such a way by dint of his own image, voice and body use so that interaction and transfer of behaviour between the teacher and the student are accelerated in a systematic manner.
Being a teacher, we need to be very careful in using our voice for effective teaching class. A good teacher need not be excited and agitated towards the students. We should give chance to ask question to the students so that transfer of behaviour is made possible in a significant manner. Sometimes, we forget that we are a teacher and we have a particular job for the students on the concept of learning.
According to Franchise Bacon, there are two types of learning: One is Pedagogy- children's learning and the other is Andragoggy- Adult learning. In case of adult learning, we cannot teach anybody, we only help them to learn. So in the case of using our voice we need to be responsible and tactful. Hence Somerset Maugham says " It is difficult to pass over the razor's edge, but the wise say the path to salvation is hard ".
According to Franchise Bacon, 'when you tell something in the class to a group of students, it is only a saying but when you recapitulate it, repeat it and ask the question on the progress, it will be interacted and if you further emphasize the concept, they will be conversant with the relevant knowledge'. Indeed, incase of delivering an important message, if it is stated once-only 10% will be memorized but if it is stated 6 times then 90% are memorized after one year. So, reiteration/repetition is the most important tools for the teaching to make the topics rememberable. If the message is not remembered and understandable then the whole thing will be treated as useless.
The quality of a good teacher is vitality important for ideal teachings to the students. He should know the correct way of teaching where the students are inspired to learn and devote themselves to study.
According to Comonenius, a famous educationist, in order to make teaching successful, the three things are vitally important. These are : Good teacher, Good method and Good books. Indeed, a good teacher plays a vital role in making teachings to the students successful. Being a teacher, he should behave in such a way by dint of his own image, voice and body use so that interaction and transfer of behaviour between the teacher and the student are accelerated in a systematic manner.
Being a teacher, we need to be very careful in using our voice for effective teaching class. A good teacher need not be excited and agitated towards the students. We should give chance to ask question to the students so that transfer of behaviour is made possible in a significant manner. Sometimes, we forget that we are a teacher and we have a particular job for the students on the concept of learning.
According to Franchise Bacon, there are two types of learning: One is Pedagogy- children's learning and the other is Andragoggy- Adult learning. In case of adult learning, we cannot teach anybody, we only help them to learn. So in the case of using our voice we need to be responsible and tactful. Hence Somerset Maugham says " It is difficult to pass over the razor's edge, but the wise say the path to salvation is hard ".
According to Franchise Bacon, 'when you tell something in the class to a group of students, it is only a saying but when you recapitulate it, repeat it and ask the question on the progress, it will be interacted and if you further emphasize the concept, they will be conversant with the relevant knowledge'. Indeed, incase of delivering an important message, if it is stated once-only 10% will be memorized but if it is stated 6 times then 90% are memorized after one year. So, reiteration/repetition is the most important tools for the teaching to make the topics rememberable. If the message is not remembered and understandable then the whole thing will be treated as useless.
Online Education
Evident advantages of the online learning especially for adults are clearly described in the article. Working adults with families are much more likely to choose an online course and work online rather than leaving their homes for a few hours or weeks to traveling to the classroom. This is a vital aspect of the online education-the ability of people to study without interrupting the course of their lives, plus receive a high quality interactive learning.
Unique programs that are available over big distances in real time are very attractive for people seeking for specific skills and expertise. Being able to study in such places without traveling far is an obvious practical benefit that saves money, time and effort. Besides those studying online have all recourses available instantly before them, without having to haul that to the classroom. Assignments, spreadsheets and books are made accessible right there, the fact that assures better performance and understanding of the material.
In business world where money and time are interrelated such approach of accessibility of the recourses, integrated materials and interactive communication provides the best result for the limited amount of time. The proof to that can be found in the interviews of the professionals, who were studying via online and received a better deal than they would in a physical setting of a regular college. The stress is put on the attentive selection of the university/college for your need, mentioning that the tuition will not be much cheaper than in classical education. For the technologies applied in the learning processes are very expensive and have to be regularly renewed.
Studying through internet would be a great experience for people wanting to save time and effort. Provided, it is a good program with needed up to date resources it would be to a definite advantage of those wanting to continue studying. It is clear that currently serious schools are appropriately equipped and set up for the convenience and best results of the learner.
The idea of communicating with a professor and other classmates is very comforting to me as I would be able to exchange ideas and thoughts with them in case of need. Taking into consideration the fact that most employers are willing to pay for their employees to continue educating I would suggest for the educators to create specific programs for groups of people from the same companies. Developing special educating courses in particular fields of study for such teams would result in better interaction between the classmates. For instance, an educational program can be designed for a group of financial analytics in a big company. This would lead to increased productivity, better team work, quality performance and school’s reputation as a provider of quality service.
The ability to present high quality online education for the educators is based on the knowledge of modern technology and study materials. There is only one definite forecast clearly seen in the online education sector: it will grow and develop until young professionals want to learn and improve their skills.
Unique programs that are available over big distances in real time are very attractive for people seeking for specific skills and expertise. Being able to study in such places without traveling far is an obvious practical benefit that saves money, time and effort. Besides those studying online have all recourses available instantly before them, without having to haul that to the classroom. Assignments, spreadsheets and books are made accessible right there, the fact that assures better performance and understanding of the material.
In business world where money and time are interrelated such approach of accessibility of the recourses, integrated materials and interactive communication provides the best result for the limited amount of time. The proof to that can be found in the interviews of the professionals, who were studying via online and received a better deal than they would in a physical setting of a regular college. The stress is put on the attentive selection of the university/college for your need, mentioning that the tuition will not be much cheaper than in classical education. For the technologies applied in the learning processes are very expensive and have to be regularly renewed.
Studying through internet would be a great experience for people wanting to save time and effort. Provided, it is a good program with needed up to date resources it would be to a definite advantage of those wanting to continue studying. It is clear that currently serious schools are appropriately equipped and set up for the convenience and best results of the learner.
The idea of communicating with a professor and other classmates is very comforting to me as I would be able to exchange ideas and thoughts with them in case of need. Taking into consideration the fact that most employers are willing to pay for their employees to continue educating I would suggest for the educators to create specific programs for groups of people from the same companies. Developing special educating courses in particular fields of study for such teams would result in better interaction between the classmates. For instance, an educational program can be designed for a group of financial analytics in a big company. This would lead to increased productivity, better team work, quality performance and school’s reputation as a provider of quality service.
The ability to present high quality online education for the educators is based on the knowledge of modern technology and study materials. There is only one definite forecast clearly seen in the online education sector: it will grow and develop until young professionals want to learn and improve their skills.
Strategic Planning
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) or STEER analysis involving Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors and EPISTEL (Environment, Political, Informatic, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal). Strategic planning is the formal consideration of an organization's future course.
In many organizations, this is viewed as a process for determining where an organization is going over the next year or more -typically 3 to 5 years, although some extend their vision to 20 years. In order to determine where it is going, the organization needs to know exactly where it stands, then determine where it wants to go and how it will get there. The resulting document is called the "strategic plan". It is also true that strategic planning may be a tool for effectively plotting the direction of a company; however, strategic planning itself cannot foretell exactly how the market will evolve and what issues will surface in the coming days in order to plan your organizational strategy. Therefore, strategic innovation and tinkering with the 'strategic plan' have to be a cornerstone strategy for an organization to survive the turbulent business climate.
Strategic planning is a very important business activity. It is also important in the public sector areas such as education. It is practiced widely informally and formally. Strategic planning and decision processes should end with objectives and a roadmap of ways to achieve those objectives. The following terms have been used in strategic planning: desired end states, plans, policies, goals, objectives, strategies, tactics and actions. Definitions vary, overlap and fail to achieve clarity. The most common of these concepts are specific, time bound statements of intended future results and general and continuing statements of intended future results, which most models refer to as either goals or objectives (sometimes interchangeably).
One model of organizing objectives uses hierarchies. The items listed above may be organized in a hierarchy of means and ends and numbered as follows: Top Rank Objective (TRO), Second Rank Objective, Third Rank Objective, etc. From any rank, the objective in a lower rank answers to the question "How?" and the objective in a higher rank answers to the question "Why?" The exception is the Top Rank Objective (TRO): there is no answer to the "Why?" question. That is how the TRO is defined. People typically have several goals at the same time.
"Goal congruency" refers to how well the goals combine with each other. Does goal A appear compatible with goal B? Do they fit together to form a unified strategy? "Goal hierarchy" consists of the nesting of one or more goals within other goal(s).
In many organizations, this is viewed as a process for determining where an organization is going over the next year or more -typically 3 to 5 years, although some extend their vision to 20 years. In order to determine where it is going, the organization needs to know exactly where it stands, then determine where it wants to go and how it will get there. The resulting document is called the "strategic plan". It is also true that strategic planning may be a tool for effectively plotting the direction of a company; however, strategic planning itself cannot foretell exactly how the market will evolve and what issues will surface in the coming days in order to plan your organizational strategy. Therefore, strategic innovation and tinkering with the 'strategic plan' have to be a cornerstone strategy for an organization to survive the turbulent business climate.
Strategic planning is a very important business activity. It is also important in the public sector areas such as education. It is practiced widely informally and formally. Strategic planning and decision processes should end with objectives and a roadmap of ways to achieve those objectives. The following terms have been used in strategic planning: desired end states, plans, policies, goals, objectives, strategies, tactics and actions. Definitions vary, overlap and fail to achieve clarity. The most common of these concepts are specific, time bound statements of intended future results and general and continuing statements of intended future results, which most models refer to as either goals or objectives (sometimes interchangeably).
One model of organizing objectives uses hierarchies. The items listed above may be organized in a hierarchy of means and ends and numbered as follows: Top Rank Objective (TRO), Second Rank Objective, Third Rank Objective, etc. From any rank, the objective in a lower rank answers to the question "How?" and the objective in a higher rank answers to the question "Why?" The exception is the Top Rank Objective (TRO): there is no answer to the "Why?" question. That is how the TRO is defined. People typically have several goals at the same time.
"Goal congruency" refers to how well the goals combine with each other. Does goal A appear compatible with goal B? Do they fit together to form a unified strategy? "Goal hierarchy" consists of the nesting of one or more goals within other goal(s).
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